O Level Pakistan Studies 2059 Paper 12, Oct/Nov 2025

he believed that ‘western education was the key to Indian Muslims getting on in society’

he believed that without such an education Indian Muslims would be left behind

he believed that without western education jobs/careers in government (1) and the civil service (1) would not be available / high-ranking/highly paid posts would not be available / Sir Syed feared the loss of Muslim identity (1) and a happy, comfortable life/life of luxury (1)

Level of response marking: Level 3 (4-5 marks) Supported valid inference(s); Level 2 (2-3 marks) Unsupported valid inference(s); Level 1 (1 mark) Identifies a surface feature

Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 1.

Level of response marking: Level 5 (10 marks) Explains with evaluation/ judgement; Level 4 (7-9 marks) Explanation of both sides of the issue; Level 3 (4-6 marks) Explanation of one-side of the issue; Level 2 (2-3 marks) Identification/ description of the issue; Level 1 (1 mark) General answer

Robert Clive fought with a force of EIC soldiers (1) and defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah’s (the Nawab of Bengal) troops (1)

Clive persuaded Mir Jafar (1) the commander-in-chief (1) of Siraj-ud-Daulah’s army (1) to change sides (1) which was a major reason for Clive's success (1) as large numbers of soldiers defected to Clive's army (1)

Clive covered his cannons in the rain (1) which the Nawab didn’t (1)

27 soldiers were killed in Clive’s army (1) whereas the Nawab’s army had over 500 casualties (1) / the Nawab’s body was found in a river after the battle / Bengal became under British rule

Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 1.

Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 2.

Wavell (1) proposed that an Executive Council (1) should be set up to govern the country under the present constitution (1) until a new constitution could be agreed on

the Executive Council would contain equal numbers of Muslims and Hindus (1) and be entirely Indian (1) apart from the Viceroy (1) and a member controlling defence (1)

all the parties agreed with the principle of an Executive Council (1) but Jinnah pointed out that the Sikhs and others on the Council were bound to vote with the Hindus (1) which would mean a permanent Muslim minority (1)

Jinnah also objected to the Congress suggestion that it could nominate Muslims as well as Hindus (1) / the Conference therefore ended with no agreement

Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 1.

Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 2.

it gave the title Islamic Republic of Pakistan / all citizens shall be equal / the independence of the judiciary was to be guaranteed

the President to be a Muslim (1) and over 40 (1) / the President was to be elected by the central and provincial legislatures / the President had the right to dissolve the assembly on the Prime Minister’s advice / the President cannot serve more than two terms

the President to appoint the Prime Minister and the Cabinet / only members of the National Assembly can be Ministers / the National Assembly to have equal number of seats from East and West Pakistan / if bill passed by the Assembly, President to give consent within 90 days (1) if refused, two thirds majority needed to force the President to sign (1) / the President to have power to pass laws when the Assembly was not in session

the provinces to have their own assemblies / governor to be appointed by the President / provincial autonomy to be recognised in most areas / it can only be amended by a two-thirds majority in the Assembly / Pakistan to remain a member of the Commonwealth / Urdu (1) and Bengali (1) to be the official languages of Pakistan

Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 1.

Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 2.

they met during a cricket match (1) between Pakistan and India (1) in Jaipur (1)

they discussed matters which were of concern to Pakistan (1) such as the Siachen glacier (1)

the meeting helped to moderate relations between Pakistan and India at the time

the media named the meeting ‘cricket diplomacy’

Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 1.

Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 2.