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O Level Pakistan Studies 2059 Paper 22, Oct/Nov 2025

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2059/22 · Oct/Nov 2025

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1
Figure 1 of 4 for question 1
Figure 2 of 4 for question 1
Figure 3 of 4 for question 1
Figure 4 of 4 for question 1
a(i)

Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing selected rivers in southern and western Pakistan. Name the rivers labelled W and X on Fig. 1.1. W ..................................... X .....................................

[2]
a(ii)

Using Fig. 1.1 only, describe the location of the River Dasht.

[2]
a(iii)

Rivers are used for fishing. State three other ways rivers are used by people in Pakistan. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 3 ........................................................................................................................................

[3]
b(i)

Study Fig. 1.2, a bar graph showing the amount of fish caught in different provinces in Pakistan in 2019. Using Fig. 1.2 only, complete the table.

[2]
b(ii)

Calculate the difference in the amount of inland fish caught in Punjab and Sindh.

[1]
b(iii)

Identify two fish species typically found in inland waters in Pakistan. Tick (✓) two boxes in the table.

[1]
c(i)

Name two fishing ports on the coast of Balochistan. 1 ......................................... 2 .........................................

[2]
c(ii)

Describe one advantage of improving fish processing techniques.

[2]
c(iii)

Explain two ways that subsistence fishing methods are different from commercial fishing methods. You should develop your answer. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................

[4]
d

Read the following two views about Pakistan’s fishing industry and economic development: A Expanding marine fishing is the best way to support economic development in Pakistan. B Expanding fish farming is the best way to support economic development in Pakistan. Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider view A and view B in your answer.

[6]
2
Figure 1 of 6 for question 2
Figure 2 of 6 for question 2
Figure 3 of 6 for question 2
Figure 4 of 6 for question 2
Figure 5 of 6 for question 2
Figure 6 of 6 for question 2
a(i)

Study Fig. 2.1 (Insert), a photograph of a cash crop farm in Pakistan. Identify the crop shown in Fig. 2.1.

[1]
a(ii)

Using Fig. 2.1 only, identify two features of the cash crop farm shown. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................

[2]
b(i)

Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of using tubewells for irrigation in Pakistan. advantage ......................................................................................................................... disadvantage .....................................................................................................................

[2]
b(ii)

Study Fig. 2.2, a diagram of the processes involved in crop production. Complete Fig. 2.2 by placing the correct words from the box in the spaces in the diagram. harvesting ploughing sowing threshing

[2]
b(iii)

Explain two human factors that can affect the production of crops in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................

[4]
c(i)

Study Fig. 2.3, a bar graph showing information about the number of livestock reared in different provinces in Pakistan. Complete Fig. 2.3, using the information in the table.

[2]
c(ii)

Using Fig. 2.3 only, identify the province with the largest number of goats.

[1]
c(iii)

Describe two factors necessary for keeping buffalo. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................

[2]
c(iv)

State three uses of buffalo products in Pakistan. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 3 ........................................................................................................................................

[3]
d

Read the following two views about agriculture and sustainability in Pakistan: A Small-scale subsistence farming has the most potential to improve the sustainability of farming practices in Pakistan. B Cash crop farming has the most potential to improve the sustainability of farming practices in Pakistan. Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider view A and view B in your answer.

[6]
3
Figure 1 of 1 for question 3
a(i)

Study Fig. 3.1 (Insert), a map showing average January temperatures in southern and western Pakistan. Using Fig. 3.1 only, identify the temperature range in: – Chagai ..................................... °C – Karachi .................................... °C

[2]
a(ii)

Using Fig. 3.1 only, identify the temperature range that covers the largest area. Circle the correct answer. 0–4°C 5–9°C 10–14°C 15+°C

[1]
a(iii)

Explain two factors that cause differences in temperature between lowland coastal areas and highland inland areas of Pakistan. You should develop your answer. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................

[4]
a(iv)

Suggest how rainfall can influence communications, industry and the lives of people in Pakistan. communications ................................................................................................................ industry .............................................................................................................................. people ...............................................................................................................................

[3]
b(i)

Study Fig. 3.2, a pie chart showing the main sources of renewable energy used to generate electricity in Pakistan in 2020. Complete Fig. 3.2 using the information in the table.

[2]
b(ii)

Give two reasons why Pakistan uses renewable energy sources to generate electricity. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................

[2]
b(iii)

Describe the process of generating electricity using tidal power.

[3]
c

Complete the statements about energy sources in Pakistan. Choose the correct words from the box and place them in the spaces provided. Pakistan’s growing demand for energy is driven by ........................... growth and increased industrial development. Electricity can be generated in ........................... power stations by burning coal, oil, or ........................... . It can also be generated using renewable sources such as solar, ........................... and wind. electricity gas geothermal population sustainability thermal

[2]
d

‘Electricity generated from renewable energy sources will be sufficient to support future sustainable development in Pakistan.’ To what extent do you agree with this statement? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

[6]
4
Figure 1 of 2 for question 4
Figure 2 of 2 for question 4
a(i)

Study Fig. 4.1 (Insert), a photograph of a brick production area in Pakistan. Using Fig. 4.1 only, describe two features of the brick production area shown. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................

[2]
a(ii)

Suggest two advantages of the brick production industry shown in Fig. 4.1 for the local area. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................

[2]
a(iii)

State three factors that influence the location of cement production in Pakistan. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 3 ........................................................................................................................................

[3]
a(iv)

Identify the main market for the products shown in the table. Tick (✓) the correct box for each product.

[2]
b(i)

Study Fig. 4.2 (Insert), a map showing an industrial estate in an urban area of Pakistan. Using Fig. 4.2 only, identify two features of the industrial estate. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 .........................................................................................................................................

[2]
b(ii)

State the compass direction from the lake to the railway station on Fig. 4.2.

[1]
c(i)

Define the term ‘export processing zone’ and name two examples of export processing zones in Pakistan. definition ............................................................................................................................ example 1 .......................................................................................................................... example 2 ..........................................................................................................................

[3]
c(ii)

Explain two reasons for the growth of export processing zones in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................

[4]
d

Read the following two views about expanding industries in Pakistan: A Expanding large-scale manufacturing industries in Pakistan has the most potential to further economic growth. B Expanding cottage industries in Pakistan has the most potential to further economic growth. Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider view A and view B in your answer.

[6]
5
Figure 1 of 4 for question 5
Figure 2 of 4 for question 5
Figure 3 of 4 for question 5
Figure 4 of 4 for question 5
a(i)

Study Fig. 5.1, a map of the road network in southern and western Pakistan. Using Fig. 5.1 only: – name city Y ..................................... – name city Z ..................................... – what is the approximate distance by road between Y and Z taking the shortest route? .....................................km

[3]
a(ii)

Suggest two factors that can affect the development of roads in Pakistan. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................

[2]
b(i)

State one advantage and one disadvantage of air travel and rail travel for transporting goods within Pakistan.

[4]
b(ii)

Describe one way in which airports in Pakistan have been improved for passengers.

[2]
c(i)

Study Fig. 5.2, a graph showing mobile phone subscriptions in Pakistan. Complete Fig. 5.2 using the information in the table.

[2]
c(ii)

Using Fig. 5.2 only, describe the trend of mobile phone subscriptions in Pakistan.

[2]
c(iii)

Explain two reasons why internet provision across Pakistan is uneven. You should develop your answer. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................

[4]
d

‘Reliable internet provision across all of Pakistan would make education more accessible to everyone.’ To what extent do you agree with this statement? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

[6]

Mark scheme

2059/22 · Oct/Nov 2025

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1a(i) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    W: Hab/Hub

  • 1 mark

    X: Sutlej

1a(ii) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    in Balochistan

  • 1 mark

    starts 300–400 km from the coast

  • 1 mark

    200–500 km from river W

  • 1 mark

    mouth at Arabian sea/is close to the coast/near the Arabian sea/north of Arabian Sea/drains into Arabian sea/connects to Arabian sea

  • 1 mark

    near Iran/east of Iran/40–150 km from Iran

  • 1 mark

    west of river Indus/Sindh/river W

1a(iii) · 3 marks

  • 1 mark

    domestic use/washing/drinking/bathing

  • 1 mark

    industry/specific industrial process

  • 1 mark

    fish farms/aquaculture

  • 1 mark

    farming/irrigation/livestock/animals

  • 1 mark

    transport/port/unload cargo

  • 1 mark

    fertilising soil during floods/provide alluvium

  • 1 mark

    dams/to generate power/HEP power

  • 1 mark

    tourism/scenic beauty/recreation/swimming

  • 1 mark

    gold mining

1b(i) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    1 or 2 correct values/provinces filled in

  • 1 mark

    3 or 4 correct values/provinces filled in

1b(ii) · 1 mark

  • 1 mark

    70 (180–110)

1b(iii) · 1 mark

  • 1 mark

    Palla and Tilapia both ticked

1c(i) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    Damb / Gadani / Gwadar / Jiwani / Ormara / Pasni / Pishukan / Sonmiani

  • 1 mark

    A second named fishing port on the coast of Balochistan from the list

1c(ii) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    more value-added goods/higher quality goods; have a wider market/lead to more (international) demand/attract investors

  • 1 mark

    make it last longer/gives a longer shelf life/improves quality; by canning/chilling/curing/drying/freezing/salting/preserving/packaging

  • 1 mark

    increase exports; leads to increased profits/foreign exchange/income

  • 1 mark

    creates employment/jobs; to run the factories/processing plants

  • 1 mark

    less fish wasted; because of on board refrigeration

  • 1 mark

    efficient processes in factories/more skilled labour

1c(iii) · 4 marks

  • 2 marks

    subsistence fishing methods would usually use a fishing rod/small net/cotton nets; compared (large) trawl nets/gillnets/nylon nets (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    subsistence fishing tends to use small wooden sail boats/has a small crew; compared to large motorised boats/gillnetters/trawlers (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    small sail boats can only fish close to the coastline; whereas mechanised boats can fish up to 50–60 km from the shoreline (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    subsistence fishing boats tend to only go out fishing for a day/only use ice buckets for storage/lack of cold storage; commercial boats can stay out 5-20 days/have refrigeration facilities (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    subsistence fishing uses local knowledge/family experience; whereas commercial boats have sonar/radar devices for finding fish/checking weather conditions (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    subsistence fishing methods generally have a lower environmental impact such as smaller engines used by fishing boats; rather than motorised boats that lead to water pollution/disturb habitats (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    subsistence fishing tends not to waste any fish; whereas commercial fishing leads to a lot of bycatch/fish caught that are too small (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    subsistence fishing could be inland on rivers; compared to commercial fishing which takes place at sea (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

1d · 6 marks

  • 2 marks

    Level 1 (1-2 marks): Simple point referring to one view (1) / Simple points referring to any view (2)

  • 2 marks

    Level 2 (3-4 marks): Developed point referring to one view only (3) / Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4)

  • 2 marks

    Level 3 (5-6 marks): Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) / Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)

2a(i) · 1 mark

  • 1 mark

    rice

2a(ii) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    large area/wide area/vast area

  • 1 mark

    irrigated land/water on the land/flooded/sprinkler/plants growing in the water/abundant water

  • 1 mark

    flat/plain land

  • 1 mark

    rectangular plots/sectors

  • 1 mark

    separated by raised areas/bunds/walkways

  • 1 mark

    (young) shoots/short plants

  • 1 mark

    densely packed/plants very close to each other/crops evenly distributed/planted in lines

2b(i) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    One advantage: reliable water supply which replaces reliance on rain / prevents waterlogging/water table is lowered / can help flush salt from the soil / can provide water to irrigate large farms/areas / leads to larger crop output/higher quality crop / reduces the need for labour / can use solar power/be powered by renewable energy

  • 1 mark

    One disadvantage: requires a motor/needs electricity/fuel/diesel/can create air pollution / expensive to install/maintain/run/some people cannot afford / can lead to over extraction of ground water/wells can dry up/lowers water table / can be blocked by soil/silt / increased salinity/leaks can cause waterlogging

2b(ii) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    1 or 2 correct processes placed in diagram

  • 1 mark

    3 or 4 correct processes placed in diagram

2b(iii) · 4 marks

  • 2 marks

    education/literacy/knowledge/training the farmers have received; can help farmers understand how to use machinery to increase output (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    capital/loans/money; can dictate how much new machinery/how many labourers/the quality of chemical fertilisers etc. used on a crop (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    machinery; increases size of area to be harvested in a short time (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    HYV seeds; increase resistance to drought/flood/pests etc. that have shorter growing season (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    irrigation systems; depending on finances available/can ensure optimum conditions for growth (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    labour; to enable efficient sowing/harvesting/can enable multiple crops per year (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    fertilisers; increases nutrients in the soil/increase output (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    pesticides; reduces the loss of crops from pests (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    unlined/perennial canals/overwatering; can cause waterlogging or salinity which makes land unfit for growth (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    increased building of homes/industries; reduces space for farming (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    deforestation; causes loss of soil quality to grow crops (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    land reform/land consolidation; makes use of machinery more effective (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    increased population; which increases the demand for production of food and agricultural products (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

2c(i) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    1 mark for 2 correct bars (Sindh= 4, Balochistan= 14)

  • 1 mark

    1 mark for correct shading

2c(ii) · 1 mark

  • 1 mark

    Punjab

2c(iii) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    flat topography/flat land/plain land

  • 1 mark

    water/canals/pools/supply of water to drink/bathe

  • 1 mark

    shade for cooling/shelter or sheds during extreme temperatures

  • 1 mark

    vegetation for fodder/grass for grazing/food such as e.g. straw/grazing fields

  • 1 mark

    available/nearby/close to/local markets to sell the buffalo/to buy food for buffalo

  • 1 mark

    population/demand for named product

  • 1 mark

    mild or moderate climate/ avoiding extreme temperatures

  • 1 mark

    vaccinations/available veterinary care to keep them healthy

2c(iv) · 3 marks

  • 1 mark

    milk to drink/to make butter/ghee/milk/named product powder/cheese/dairy products/baby food

  • 1 mark

    meat for eating/sale

  • 1 mark

    dung used for fuel/biogas

  • 1 mark

    bones/dung used for fertilisers

  • 1 mark

    hides/skins used to make leather/shoes/named product

  • 1 mark

    horns used for craft/buttons

  • 1 mark

    hair used to make brushes

  • 1 mark

    gelatine used in medicines/food

2d · 6 marks

  • 2 marks

    Level 1 (1-2 marks): Simple point referring to one view (1) / Simple points referring to any view (2)

  • 2 marks

    Level 2 (3-4 marks): Developed point referring to one view only (3) / Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4)

  • 2 marks

    Level 3 (5-6 marks): Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) / Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)

3a(i) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    Chagai: 5–9 (°C)

  • 1 mark

    Karachi: 15+ (°C)

3a(ii) · 1 mark

  • 1 mark

    10–14 °C

3a(iii) · 4 marks

  • 2 marks

    continental effect/maritime influence; where prevailing winds from the ocean have a moderating effect on temperatures/areas away from the coast do not experience moderating effect/movement of wind from areas of high pressure to low pressure (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    altitude/drop 6.5 °C every 1000 m; at higher altitudes air is less dense which leads to drop in temperature/air doesn’t retain as much heat/air particles more spread out (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    cloud cover; increased cloud cover in highland regions/at the coast reduces incoming solar radiation/reflect solar rays thus reducing temperatures (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    latitude; coastal areas are closer to the equator and receive direct rays of the sun (which leads to higher temperatures)/highland areas are further from the equator and receive rays at a large angle/cover a larger surface area (leading to lower temperatures) (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    humidity; coastal areas are cooler because the sea moderates temperature/adds moisture/high altitude air holds less moisture (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    rainfall; higher rainfall (leads to more evaporation) has a cooling effect (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

3a(iv) · 3 marks

  • 1 mark

    communications: (floods) can damage road/rail networks/bridges / (heavy rainfall) can damage telephone cables/pylons / signals disrupted/signals drop/cut off/power outage / increase in network demand due to remote working/online education/checking weather reports

  • 1 mark

    industry: can provide water for industrial processes/named industry / can damage industries/machinery/floods delay projects / rainfall ensures rivers are full to allow rivers to be used for transport / goods/raw materials/named item cannot be transported / temporarily reduce air pollution

  • 1 mark

    people: can provide water for crops/drinking/irrigation/domestic use/washing / lack of rainfall can cause drought which can lead to loss of income/poverty/crop failure / (heavy) rainfall can lead to flooding/damaged homes/loss of animals/loss of life/contaminated water/disease / people can’t travel to work/school/appointments/can lead to flight cancellations / improve wellbeing through cooling effect/decrease wellbeing due to concerns over flooding

3b(i) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    1 mark for accurate line (angle for wind 36–40 °)

  • 1 mark

    1 mark for accurate shading of both in key order

3b(ii) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    to increase energy security/because they won’t run out/infinite supply/due to fossil fuel depletion

  • 1 mark

    to try and meet increased demand/demand due to population growth/industry growth

  • 1 mark

    to reduce carbon emissions/cleaner for the environment/ecofriendly/doesn’t cause named pollution

  • 1 mark

    to reduce reliance on non-renewable resources/fossil fuels

  • 1 mark

    only have set-up costs/maintenance costs are lower

  • 1 mark

    removes the need to import raw materials

  • 1 mark

    to reduce need for loadshedding/ to reduce energy shortages

  • 1 mark

    large areas of land suitable for generating wind energy/large supply of rivers that can generate HEP/250–300 sunny days a year for solar power

  • 1 mark

    trying to connect more remote areas to reliable energy supplies/to the grid

3b(iii) · 3 marks

  • 1 mark

    identify suitable coastal area with strong tidal current

  • 1 mark

    install tidal station/barrage/tidal lagoon/tidal stream generators/turbines

  • 1 mark

    sea water/tides move in and out along coastlines/force of the tides/gravitational pull of the moon/tides retreat repeating the process generating more electricity

  • 1 mark

    tide flows through sluices/barrage/gaps

  • 1 mark

    waves cause changes in air pressure

  • 1 mark

    water turns/spins/rotates/moves turbines/rotors

  • 1 mark

    turbines connected to a generator

  • 1 mark

    converts kinetic energy to electrical energy

  • 1 mark

    generator produces electricity

3c · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    1 or 2 correct words (population / thermal / gas / geothermal)

  • 1 mark

    3 or 4 correct words (population / thermal / gas / geothermal)

3d · 6 marks

  • 2 marks

    Level 1 (1-2 marks): Simple point referring to one view (1) / Simple points referring to any view (2)

  • 2 marks

    Level 2 (3-4 marks): Developed point referring to one view only (3) / Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4)

  • 2 marks

    Level 3 (5-6 marks): Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) / Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)

4a(i) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    smoke/air pollution/brick dust

  • 1 mark

    tower/chimney

  • 1 mark

    fire underground/ovens/kiln/holes (in the ground)/small mounds

  • 1 mark

    round lids (with handles)/covers

  • 1 mark

    fuel/coal/pile of wood

  • 1 mark

    labour intensive/manual labour/chair for the workers

  • 1 mark

    hazardous environment/lack of protective clothing/wooden pole holding wires

  • 1 mark

    traditional tools/rod with hook/shovel/scoop for coal

  • 1 mark

    located on the edge of/within an urban area/outskirts of a settlement

  • 1 mark

    piles of finished bricks/sheet covering bricks/scattered bricks/stack of bricks

  • 1 mark

    open/flat/plain land

  • 1 mark

    water source available/river/lake

4a(ii) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    provides employment/work/skills

  • 1 mark

    provides income/can support families

  • 1 mark

    provides bricks/raw materials for construction/buildings/housing/infrastructure example

  • 1 mark

    attracts other investment/industries

  • 1 mark

    does not rely on electricity

  • 1 mark

    potential for cheaper bricks locally/damaged bricks sold at lower price/reduced transport costs to buy bricks

4a(iii) · 3 marks

  • 1 mark

    large site

  • 1 mark

    flat site

  • 1 mark

    raw materials/gypsum/clay/shale/sand/limestone/marl

  • 1 mark

    power/reliable electricity/fuel supply/coal supply

  • 1 mark

    water supply

  • 1 mark

    road/rail/transport/market

  • 1 mark

    demand/population growth

  • 1 mark

    labour

  • 1 mark

    environmental concerns/air pollution (away from residential area)

  • 1 mark

    government policies/investment

4a(iv) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    1 or 2 correct boxes ticked

  • 1 mark

    3 or 4 correct boxes ticked

4b(i) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    cluster of/many/13/several factories

  • 1 mark

    access to road network/roads run through the industrial estate/planned roads/industrial area separated by road

  • 1 mark

    railway line nearby/north of industrial estate

  • 1 mark

    close to train station/train station on the edge of industrial estate

  • 1 mark

    close to canal/lake/water source/canal runs through industrial area

  • 1 mark

    close to residential area/outskirts of residential/north/north-east of residential area

  • 1 mark

    area of service industries nearby/north of service industries area

4b(ii) · 1 mark

  • 1 mark

    north-east/NE/NNE

4c(i) · 3 marks

  • 1 mark

    Definition: an area that offers freedom from taxes/custom duties / an (industrial) area for exports/increased industrial investment / group of industries to manufacture goods for export / a type of free trade zone

  • 1 mark

    First named example from list (Duddar / Gujranwala / Gwadar / Karachi/Landhi / Khalifa / Multan / Reko Diq / Risalpur / Sialkot / Saindak / Sundar/Sunder Green / Tuwairqi)

  • 1 mark

    Second named example from list

4c(ii) · 4 marks

  • 2 marks

    it could encourage local and foreign investors to establish new businesses/expand industries/attract TNCs/protect local industries; which can increase exports/GDP (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    can lead to more exports/output/standardised products/value added goods; which increases foreign exchange (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    government policies/incentives; to encourage industrial growth/to reduce trade deficit (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    can support the development of named infrastructure; which can make transport of goods easier/can be used by local people (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    potential to increase employment; which can lead to a more skilled workforce/providing opportunities for lower skilled labour/can increase household incomes (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    can lead to better trade links with other countries; due to increased production/more favourable tax rates (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    increased demand for specific products; leads to more variety in the local market (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

4d · 6 marks

  • 2 marks

    Level 1 (1-2 marks): Simple point referring to one view (1) / Simple points referring to any view (2)

  • 2 marks

    Level 2 (3-4 marks): Developed point referring to one view only (3) / Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4)

  • 2 marks

    Level 3 (5-6 marks): Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) / Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)

5a(i) · 3 marks

  • 1 mark

    Y: Quetta

  • 1 mark

    Z: Multan

  • 1 mark

    Distance: Accept any value between 400–600 km

5a(ii) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    topography/mountainous land/deserts/rugged landscape/uneven/flat land/land covered with forest

  • 1 mark

    extreme temperatures/extreme climate/heavy snowfall/monsoon/heavy rainfall

  • 1 mark

    flooding/landslides/earthquakes

  • 1 mark

    labour/difficult working conditions

  • 1 mark

    machinery/technology/construction materials

  • 1 mark

    population distribution/density/location of big cities/increased population/demand/high traffic

  • 1 mark

    location of airports/ports/dry ports/EPZs

  • 1 mark

    investment/costs/finance/capital/government policy

5b(i) · 4 marks

  • 1 mark

    air – advantage: quicker/fastest option / best for perishable/lightweight/high value goods / higher security of goods

  • 1 mark

    air – disadvantage: expensive/high fuel costs / not possible for very heavy items / limited capacity/space available / high CO2 emissions/environmental impact / can be impacted by extreme weather / high fuel consumption

  • 1 mark

    rail – advantage: can transport large amounts of cargo/goods / planned timetable for travel / reduces congestion on roads / cost effective

  • 1 mark

    rail – disadvantage: can experience delays / network only between major towns and cities/can’t deliver to door / safety issues/potential for accidents/trains can derail/ goods can get damaged in transit

5b(ii) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    expansion of airports/new airports/more runways/increased flight schedule; means more choice for passengers/increased passenger capacity

  • 1 mark

    online ticketing/self-check in; makes the process simpler/quicker/reduced queuing time/available 24/7

  • 1 mark

    new/digital systems at departure gates/security; enable boarding processes/identity checks to be quicker

  • 1 mark

    moving walkways; make travelling around the airport easier/faster

  • 1 mark

    improved security; makes passengers feel safer when travelling/more trust in environment

  • 1 mark

    provision of restaurants/shopping/Wi-Fi; improves the experience for passengers

  • 1 mark

    more seating/private lounges/washroom/faith rooms; which makes the airport experience more comfortable

  • 1 mark

    accessibility improvements/wheelchair availability; makes it easier/possible for everyone to travel

  • 1 mark

    staff have been trained in customer service; passengers can have queries answered

  • 1 mark

    improved transport access to airports/new car parks/bus services; makes airports easier/quicker to get to

5c(i) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    1 mark for accurate plotting of two points (2016 = 64, 2017 = 67)

  • 1 mark

    1 mark for joining points

5c(ii) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    mostly consistent growth/overall increase/54–55 per 100 to 81–82 per 100 from 2011–2021/increased by 26–28 per 100 overall

  • 1 mark

    increase 2011–2014/growth 54–55 per 100 to 65–66 per 100, 2011–2014/increased by 10–12 per 100 2011–2014

  • 1 mark

    (small) decrease (2014–2015)/65–66 per 100 to 60 per 100 between 2014–2015/decreased by 5–6/100 in (2014–2015)

  • 1 mark

    increase 2015–2021/increase from 60 per 100 to 81–82 per 100 between 2015 and 2021

5c(iii) · 4 marks

  • 2 marks

    some areas of the country are unsuitable for signal masts/lack of signal masts/towers/cables/optic fibres; for example more remote/mountainous/rugged areas where it is difficult to build (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    natural hazards/extreme weather events/flooding can damage cables/cut connection; which take a long time to repair (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    difficult working conditions to install masts/cables; due to extreme temperatures/challenging to find workers (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    investment tends to focus on urban areas/less investment in rural areas; more demand/easier to connect/not cost effective to cover areas which are less accessible/expensive to install (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    power supply in some areas of the country is not sufficient/not connected to the grid/loadshedding; which means that routers won’t work/poor internet connection/reliant on batteries as back-up (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    lack of demand in some areas; due to cultural traditions/access to education/low population (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

  • 2 marks

    different internet providers available; which vary in quality of provision/vary in signal coverage (1 mark for simple point, 1 mark for development)

5d · 6 marks

  • 2 marks

    Level 1 (1-2 marks): Simple point referring to one view (1) / Simple points referring to any view (2)

  • 2 marks

    Level 2 (3-4 marks): Developed point referring to one view only (3) / Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4)

  • 2 marks

    Level 3 (5-6 marks): Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) / Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)

Questions

  1. 1
    Question 125 marks
    Mark scheme ›
  2. 2
    Question 225 marks
    Mark scheme ›
  3. 3
    Question 325 marks
    Mark scheme ›
  4. 4
    Question 425 marks
    Mark scheme ›
  5. 5
    Question 525 marks
    Mark scheme ›

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