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O Level Pakistan Studies 2059 Paper 21, May/June 2025

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Question paper

2059/21 · May/June 2025

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1
Figure 1 of 3 for question 1
Figure 2 of 3 for question 1
Figure 3 of 3 for question 1
a(i)

Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing a mountain range in southern and western Pakistan. Name the country labelled W and the city labelled X on Fig. 1.1. • W .................................................... • X ....................................................

[2]
a(ii)

Using Fig. 1.1 only, measure the length of the Sulaiman Range. ....................................................km

[1]
a(iii)

Using Fig. 1.1 only, describe the location of the Sulaiman Range.

[3]
a(iv)

Suggest why mining may be difficult in mountainous areas.

[2]
b(i)

Study Fig. 1.2, a bar graph showing mineral resources extracted in Pakistan. Using Fig. 1.2 only, identify the amount of granite extracted. ....................................................million tonnes

[1]
b(ii)

Describe how mineral extraction is beneficial to Pakistan.

[2]
c(i)

Study Fig. 1.3, a diagram showing forest types and altitude. Complete Fig. 1.3 by using arrows to match the forest type to the altitude where it grows.

[2]
c(ii)

State two human activities which are reducing the extent of forests in Pakistan. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................

[2]
c(iii)

Explain two reasons for afforestation in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................

[4]
d

Evaluate the opportunities for, and challenges of, continuing to develop mineral resource extraction sustainably in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

[6]
2
Figure 1 of 1 for question 2
a(i)

Study Fig. 2.1, a climate graph showing temperature and rainfall for Karachi. Using Fig. 2.1 only: – identify the highest rainfall .......................................... mm – calculate the temperature range .......................................... °C

[2]
a(ii)

State the season when regions of Pakistan experience rainfall from: – the south-west monsoon .......................................... – the western depressions ..........................................

[2]
a(iii)

Identify the location that is associated with the climatic conditions given. Circle the correct answer for each statement. – cold winter, mild summer and rainfall in all seasons: northern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa south-east Sindh north-east Balochistan – mild winter, warm summer, extreme aridity: central Balochistan south-west Sindh north-east Punjab

[2]
b(i)

Study Fig. 2.2 (Insert), a photograph of a landscape in Pakistan. Using Fig. 2.2 only, describe three characteristics of the landscape shown. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 3 ........................................................................................................................................ ...........................................................................................................................................

[3]
b(ii)

Define ‘drought’.

[2]
b(iii)

Describe how altitude and latitude affect temperature in Pakistan. altitude ............................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... latitude ............................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................

[4]
c

Explain how rain storms can impact agriculture in Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

[4]
d

In the Swat Valley, winter temperatures can be as low as –10°C and there is regular snowfall. Evaluate the benefits and challenges of low temperatures, ice and snow for people living in the northern areas of Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

[6]
3
Figure 1 of 5 for question 3
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Figure 4 of 5 for question 3
Figure 5 of 5 for question 3
a(i)

Study Fig. 3.1, a map showing selected thermal power stations in southern and western Pakistan. Using Fig. 3.1 only, identify: – the city that is located close to a thermal power station in the west of Pakistan. .......................................... – the number of thermal power stations located in Sindh. ..........................................

[2]
a(ii)

Using Fig. 3.1 only, describe the distribution of thermal power stations.

[3]
b(i)

Study Fig. 3.2, a diagram of a coal-fired thermal power station. Complete the labels on Fig. 3.2. Choose the correct words from the box and place them in the spaces provided. boiler cooling tower generator turbine

[2]
b(ii)

Describe how coal is mined in an open cast mine.

[2]
b(iii)

Cost is one factor that can affect the availability of electricity. State three other factors that can affect the availability of electricity in Pakistan. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 3 ........................................................................................................................................

[3]
b(iv)

Explain why the cost of some non-renewable power sources in Pakistan may increase. You should develop your answer.

[4]
c(i)

Define ‘renewable energy’.

[1]
c(ii)

Describe how electricity can be generated from geothermal resources.

[2]
d

Read the following two views about ways to increase renewable power generation in Pakistan: A: Pakistan should focus more on small-scale power generation such as solar panels in villages. B: Pakistan should focus more on large-scale power-generation projects such as hydel dams. Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider view A and view B in your answer.

[6]
4
Figure 1 of 3 for question 4
Figure 2 of 3 for question 4
Figure 3 of 3 for question 4
a(i)

Study Fig. 4.1, a map showing airports, dry ports and international seaports in southern and western Pakistan. Identify the international seaports labelled Y and Z on Fig. 4.1. Y .................................................... Z ....................................................

[2]
a(ii)

Using Fig. 4.1 only, state the compass direction from Peshawar to Quetta. ...........................

[1]
a(iii)

Using Fig. 4.1 only, compare the distribution of dry ports with the distribution of airports.

[2]
a(iv)

State three factors which can affect the development of airports. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 3 ........................................................................................................................................

[3]
b(i)

Study Fig. 4.2, a line graph showing goods transported by rail in Pakistan from 2015 to 2022. Complete Fig. 4.2 using the information in the table. year | goods transported by rail (million tonnes) 2018 | 7.2 2019 | 8.3

[2]
b(ii)

Complete the statements about the railway network in Pakistan. Choose the correct words from the box and place them in the spaces provided. Pakistan has a large rail network linking major cities: a main line runs from north to south, connecting Peshawar in the north and .............................. in the south. Some areas in .............................. Pakistan have few railway lines. The province with the most dense rail network is .............................. . eastern Islamabad Karachi KPK northern Punjab

[2]
b(iii)

Describe one advantage and one disadvantage of using roads to transport goods in Pakistan. advantage ......................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... disadvantage ..................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................

[2]
c(i)

Define ‘dry port’.

[1]
c(ii)

Explain one reason why dry ports and one reason why international seaports have been developed in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. dry ports ............................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... international seaports ........................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................

[4]
d

To what extent can building new airports in Pakistan support its future sustainable development? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

[6]
5
Figure 1 of 4 for question 5
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Figure 3 of 4 for question 5
Figure 4 of 4 for question 5
a(i)

Study Fig. 5.1, pie charts showing the proportion of people employed in urban and rural areas of Pakistan in 1990 and 2020. Using Fig. 5.1 only: – what is the proportion of people employed in urban areas in 1990? ..............................% – by how much has the proportion of people employed in rural areas decreased between 1990 and 2020? ..............................%

[2]
a(ii)

Which of the following statements about employment sectors are correct? Tick (✓) two boxes in the table. Most workers are in primary and secondary sector jobs. The proportion of jobs in the primary sector is increasing. The proportion of workers in secondary employment is decreasing. The tertiary sector employs the highest proportion of workers.

[2]
a(iii)

Suggest two reasons why the number of workers employed in agriculture in Pakistan is changing. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ...........................................................................................................................................

[2]
b(i)

Study Fig. 5.2 (Insert), a map showing rates of unemployment in southern Pakistan in 2020. Using Fig. 5.2 only, describe the pattern of rates of unemployment.

[3]
b(ii)

State three impacts of unemployment that affect people living in urban areas in Pakistan. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 3 ........................................................................................................................................ ...........................................................................................................................................

[3]
b(iii)

Explain two ways that unemployment and informal employment can affect Pakistan’s gross domestic product (GDP). You should develop your answer. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................

[4]
c

Describe how governing authorities can encourage industrial growth in Pakistan.

[3]
d

Read the following two views about ways to increase economic development in Pakistan: A: The best way to support economic growth is to increase access to telecommunications. B: The best way to support economic growth is to increase access to education. Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider view A and view B in your answer.

[6]

Mark scheme

2059/21 · May/June 2025

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1a(i) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    W: Afghanistan

  • 1 mark

    X: Hyderabad/Nawabshah

1a(ii) · 1 mark

  • 1 mark

    340 (330–350) (km)

1a(iii) · 3 marks

  • 1 mark

    in central Pakistan

  • 1 mark

    in Balochistan/KPK/Punjab or on/along boundary between, e.g. Balochistan and KPK/Punjab

  • 1 mark

    near international boundary

  • 1 mark

    N/NE of Sindh

  • 1 mark

    NE of the Arabian sea

  • 1 mark

    near/E/NE/SE of Quetta

  • 1 mark

    SW/SSW/S of Peshawar

  • 1 mark

    distance from Quetta 180–330 km/from Peshawar 250–600 km

  • 1 mark

    between 28° and 32° N/latitude or 68° and 72° E/longitude or accurate pair within given ranges, e.g. 29° N and 70°E

1a(iv) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    uneven terrain/rugged land topography/steep (relief)

  • 1 mark

    rockfalls/landslides/avalanches/snow and ice

  • 1 mark

    extreme climate/extreme/very cold/hot temperatures

  • 1 mark

    difficult to bring/use machinery/build mining infrastructure

  • 1 mark

    remote location/inaccessible/lack of roads/rail networks

  • 1 mark

    lack of electricity/water/education/healthcare

  • 1 mark

    cost of mining operations is high/expensive

  • 1 mark

    sparsely populated/shortage of workers

  • 1 mark

    dangerous/difficult working conditions/accidents likely

1b(i) · 1 mark

  • 1 mark

    4100 (million tonnes)

1b(ii) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    minerals are valuable

  • 1 mark

    large contribution to GDP/GNP/can be exported/reduces need for imports/improves the balance of payments/provides foreign exchange/attracts foreign investment

  • 1 mark

    provides jobs/reduces unemployment/increases tax revenue

  • 1 mark

    helps the development of remote areas

  • 1 mark

    provides raw materials for agriculture/industries/manufacturing/to make value added goods

  • 1 mark

    provides raw materials for construction/building/roads/bridges, etc.

  • 1 mark

    enables generation of electricity/power

1c(i) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    tropical thorn = below 1000m

  • 1 mark

    alpine = 4000-4500m

  • 1 mark

    coniferous = 1000-4000m

1c(ii) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    fuelwood/firewood/cooking/heating

  • 1 mark

    farming/agriculture/over-grazing

  • 1 mark

    industries/factories/logging/furniture making

  • 1 mark

    mining

  • 1 mark

    (building) dams/reservoirs

  • 1 mark

    (building) settlements/houses/urbanisation

  • 1 mark

    (building) road/rail/transport network

  • 1 mark

    forest fires started accidentally

1c(iii) · 4 marks

  • 2 marks

    to create wildlife habitats; to encourage biodiversity/species/ breeding

  • 2 marks

    to reduce flooding/surface runoff/to soak up water; trees intercept rainfall/reduce siltation/prevent waterlogging

  • 2 marks

    to protect coast from tidal surges/tsunami: many mangroves/ forests have been damaged/removed

  • 2 marks

    to prevent soil erosion/desertification/to increase soil fertility; tree roots stabilise soil

  • 2 marks

    to combat the impacts of climate change/global warming/to provide cleaner air; trees absorb carbon dioxide/ trees produce oxygen/ to reduce Pakistan’s carbon emissions

  • 2 marks

    to create shade; to reduce (local) temperatures/provide shelter for animals/people from sun

  • 2 marks

    to increase rainfall; to provide water for irrigation/drinking

  • 2 marks

    to provide materials for future/use; in construction/furniture/named industry/to sell/generate income/export

  • 2 marks

    for tourism/increases areas of scenic beauty; creating areas for recreation/leisure/to benefit human health

  • 2 marks

    to create jobs/reduce unemployment; such as forest workers /rangers/which increases tax revenue

1d · 6 marks

  • 6 marks

    Levels marking: Level 1 (1–2 marks): Simple point referring to one view (1); Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 (3–4 marks): Developed point referring to one view only (3); Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4) Level 3 (5–6 marks): Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5); Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)

2a(i) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    identify the highest rainfall: 52 (mm)

  • 1 mark

    calculate the temperature range: 10.5/11 (°C)

2a(ii) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    the south-west monsoon: summer

  • 1 mark

    the western depressions: winter

2a(iii) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    cold winter, mild summer and rainfall in all seasons: northern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

  • 1 mark

    mild winter, warm summer, extreme aridity: central Balochistan

2b(i) · 3 marks

  • 1 mark

    rocks/rocky/stones/stony

  • 1 mark

    sand(y)/(sand) dunes

  • 1 mark

    vast/large (area)

  • 1 mark

    ridges/ripples

  • 1 mark

    uneven/hilly/rugged/undulating/rolling/bumpy

  • 1 mark

    (steep) slopes

  • 1 mark

    barren/bare ground

  • 1 mark

    dead/withered vegetation

  • 1 mark

    dry/arid

2b(ii) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    a period/a time/a season/months/weeks

  • 1 mark

    of no/low/scarcity/lack of precipitation/rainfall

2b(iii) · 4 marks

  • 1 mark

    temperatures are low(er) at high(er) altitudes/high(er) at low(er) altitudes

  • 1 mark

    the temperature drops by 6.5 degrees for each 1000m increase in altitude

  • 1 mark

    air is more dense/thicker can absorb more heat/water vapour/dust particles/solar radiation (causing higher temperature) at low altitude/sea level or air is less dense/thinner can absorb less heat/water vapor/dust particles/solar radiation (causing lower temperature) at high altitude/in mountainous regions

  • 1 mark

    at low(er) altitude air absorbs more heat from Earth’s surface or at high(er) altitude air absorbs less heat from Earth’s surface

  • 1 mark

    low(er) latitudes/clos(er) to Equator/Tropic of Cancer have high(er) temperatures or high(er) latitudes/furth(er) from Equator have low(er) temperatures

  • 1 mark

    southern Pakistan has higher temperatures than northern Pakistan/temperatures decrease further north/increase further south

  • 1 mark

    low(er) latitudes/close(r) to Equator sun rays at a higher angle/shine directly/more focused on small area (cause higher temperatures) or high(er) latitudes/further from Equator sun rays at a lower angle/heating effect is more spread out (cause lower temperatures)

  • 1 mark

    low(er) latitudes/close(r) to the Equator sunlight is strongest/sun’s rays pass through a smaller depth of atmosphere (causing higher temperatures) or high(er) latitudes/further from Equator sunlight is weakest/sun’s rays pass through a greater depth of atmosphere (causing lower temperatures)

2c · 4 marks

  • 2 marks

    high/heavy rainfall; washes crops away/causes crop failure

  • 2 marks

    high/strong winds; cause soil erosion/damage crops/uproot plants

  • 2 marks

    lightning strikes; can start field fires/burn crops

  • 2 marks

    soil erosion; leads to infertile land

  • 2 marks

    flooding; causes areas to be cut off/livestock to die/be stranded/topsoil washed away/causes waterlogging and salinity

  • 2 marks

    still/stagnant water; can lead to pests that spoil crops

  • 2 marks

    contaminated water supplies; farmers can’t irrigate their remaining crops/give to livestock

  • 2 marks

    electricity supply disrupted; irrigation systems can’t work

  • 2 marks

    damaged roads/bridges; can’t travel to market/get supplies

  • 2 marks

    damaged farm buildings; high cost to repair/nowhere to store equipment/produce/harvest

  • 2 marks

    destroyed crops/lost livestock; farmers lose income/food shortages

  • 2 marks

    bring more nutrients to soil; improves yields in future years

  • 2 marks

    replenishes water supplies; farmers can store this for irrigation

  • 2 marks

    rain waters crops; increasing output/no need to irrigate

2d · 6 marks

  • 6 marks

    Levels marking: Level 1 (1–2 marks): Simple point referring to one view (1); Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 (3–4 marks): Developed point referring to one view only (3); Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4) Level 3 (5–6 marks): Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5); Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)

3a(i) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    the city that is located close to a thermal power station in the west of Pakistan: Quetta

  • 1 mark

    the number of thermal power stations located in Sindh: 6

3a(ii) · 3 marks

  • 1 mark

    clustered/widespread/uneven

  • 1 mark

    in E/SE/S/central Pakistan

  • 1 mark

    most are in Sindh (and Punjab)/Sindh has the highest number of power stations

  • 1 mark

    more in Sindh than Punjab/Balochistan/KPK/more in Punjab than Balochistan/KPK

  • 1 mark

    around/near Karachi

  • 1 mark

    S/SE of Peshawar

  • 1 mark

    one/isolated power station in west/near/S/SSW of Quetta

  • 1 mark

    along/near/on/around rivers/Indus

  • 1 mark

    on/along boundaries between, e.g. Balochistan/Punjab/Sindh

  • 1 mark

    2/3 are close to international boundaries

3b(i) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    cooling tower

  • 1 mark

    boiler

  • 1 mark

    turbine

  • 1 mark

    generator

3b(ii) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    Drills are used to create holes in the rock/prepare the area

  • 1 mark

    the surface rocks are removed/explosives/blasting used

  • 1 mark

    excavators/machinery/power shovels used to remove overburden/rock/debris / to scoop up/dig out coal/mineral

  • 1 mark

    (coal/mineral) is loaded into / transported by lorries/trucks/railway wagons/trolleys/conveyors

3b(iii) · 3 marks

  • 1 mark

    topography/rugged terrain/mountains/deserts

  • 1 mark

    extreme temperatures/heavy rainfall/extreme climate

  • 1 mark

    flooding/high winds/(thunder)storms/earthquakes/landslides

  • 1 mark

    supply of, e.g. fossil fuels/coal/oil/gas/water/sunshine

  • 1 mark

    power stations/network/grid/power lines/pylons

  • 1 mark

    siltation in reservoirs/dams

  • 1 mark

    population density/demand/high usage

  • 1 mark

    industrialisation/industrial estates

  • 1 mark

    load shedding

  • 1 mark

    loss of electricity from (long) transmission lines

  • 1 mark

    workers/labour

3b(iv) · 4 marks

  • 2 marks

    scarcity/running out/limited supply of natural resources available in Pakistan; natural resources have to be imported

  • 2 marks

    need for higher quality minerals; which have higher value, increasing cost of energy produced

  • 2 marks

    natural resources have to be imported; causing higher transportation costs

  • 2 marks

    high(er) costs of imported minerals; due to currency depreciation/changes in exchange rates

  • 2 marks

    decreased production of natural resources in other countries; can affect global trade values (e.g. oil)

  • 2 marks

    higher costs of mineral extraction; technology/machinery/ skilled labour required

  • 2 marks

    costs of building/maintaining pylons/powerlines/pipelines; causes higher energy costs for consumers

  • 2 marks

    increased demand for power/growing population; demand higher than supply/competition increases prices

  • 2 marks

    political factors; increasing tariffs/taxes on natural resources/influence of international organisations (e.g. IMF/OPEC)

3c(i) · 1 mark

  • 1 mark

    Energy that can be reused/will not run out/is infinite

3c(ii) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    drill down to find/use areas of underground heat/hot water

  • 1 mark

    water is pumped down/heated by hot rocks/Earth’s core

  • 1 mark

    water turns to steam/steam comes to the surface

  • 1 mark

    spins/turns/rotates/drives turbines/generator creates electricity

3d · 6 marks

  • 6 marks

    Levels marking: Level 1 (1–2 marks): Simple point referring to one view (1); Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 (3–4 marks): Developed point referring to one view only (3); Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4) Level 3 (5–6 marks): Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5); Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)

4a(i) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    Y = Gwadar

  • 1 mark

    Z = (Muhammad) (Bin) Qasim / Port Qasim

4a(ii) · 1 mark

  • 1 mark

    south-west/SW

4a(iii) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    there are more airports than dry ports/9 airports versus 4 dry ports

  • 1 mark

    both are scattered/widespread/uneven across the country

  • 1 mark

    airports exist further north than dry ports

  • 1 mark

    airports are in all provinces but dry ports are not / both are found in Balochistan/Punjab/Sindh

  • 1 mark

    Balochistan has the most airports and dry ports

  • 1 mark

    Sindh has the least airports and dry ports

  • 1 mark

    dry ports are all close to an airport, but airports can be located far from dry ports

4a(iv) · 3 marks

  • 1 mark

    topography/flat/plain/cheap/vacant/large land

  • 1 mark

    funding/capital/investment/costs

  • 1 mark

    government policy/subsidies/loans/tax incentives

  • 1 mark

    population/workers/expertise

  • 1 mark

    demand/tourism/disposable income

  • 1 mark

    electricity supply

  • 1 mark

    water supply

  • 1 mark

    road/rail links/transport links

  • 1 mark

    security/crime

4b(i) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    2 correct points plotted: 2018: 7.2 and 2019: 8.3

  • 1 mark

    line joining points completed

4b(ii) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    Peshawar, Karachi

  • 1 mark

    northern, Punjab

4b(iii) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    advantages: motorway network exists/connects cities/industries/other countries / flexible choice of routes/times of day/night to travel / a door-to-door service / can carry multiple goods/use vehicles of different sizes

  • 1 mark

    disadvantages: roads not built everywhere/areas are inaccessible/blocked/unmetalled roads / toll roads add cost / cause congestion/traffic/delays / emissions/causes air pollution/noise pollution

4c(i) · 1 mark

  • 1 mark

    inland port/depot/terminal

4c(ii) · 4 marks

  • 2 marks

    dry ports: to increase trade/for import/export of goods; which can help increase GDP/improves balance of payments/increases foreign exchange earnings/reduces cost of importing/exporting

  • 2 marks

    dry ports: reduces burden at seaports/completes customs processing; there are very few seaports/increases volume of cargo/goods can be loaded quickly/saves time for import/exporters

  • 2 marks

    dry ports: stimulate trade in cities inland; which can reduce uneven development/helps develop local industries/ service industries develop nearby/creates jobs/removes need to travel to seaport

  • 2 marks

    dry ports: to help government collect revenue; stimulates further economic development/can be spent on service provision

  • 2 marks

    dry ports: to make use of existing transport networks; goods can be moved efficiently/reducing costs for industry/increasing import/export capacity

  • 2 marks

    international seaports: to increase trade/provide access to international shipping routes/for import/export of goods; which can help increase GDP/improves balance of payments/increases foreign exchange earnings/reduce pressure on other seaports

  • 2 marks

    international seaports: to access warm/deep waters; maximises economic benefits/all year-round access to the sea/trade

  • 2 marks

    international seaports: main roads and railway lines are built; linking ports to settlements/industries

  • 2 marks

    international seaports: can help to promote tourism/fishing/other industries; can be used for passengers/increase employment/revenue

  • 2 marks

    international seaports: container ships carry heavy/bulky/huge amounts of goods; lowers transport costs/can be moved over a long distance

  • 2 marks

    international seaports: attracts (foreign) investment/Pakistan has a coastline; land-locked countries use the port services/giving advantages in trade

4d · 6 marks

  • 6 marks

    Levels marking: Level 1 (1–2 marks): Simple point referring to one view (1); Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 (3–4 marks): Developed point referring to one view only (3); Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4) Level 3 (5–6 marks): Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5); Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)

5a(i) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    what is the proportion of people employed in urban areas in 1990? 26 or 27(%)

  • 1 mark

    by how much has the proportion of people employed in rural areas decreased between 1990 and 2020? 34 or 33(%)

5a(ii) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    Most workers are in primary and secondary sector jobs

  • 1 mark

    The tertiary sector employs the highest proportion of workers

5a(iii) · 2 marks

  • 1 mark

    mechanisation/machinery (reduces workers needed)

  • 1 mark

    industrialisation/factories/growth of secondary sector

  • 1 mark

    growth of services/tertiary sector

  • 1 mark

    rural to urban migration/move to cities

  • 1 mark

    low wages/falling income/people seek higher pay

  • 1 mark

    literacy/education/seek better working conditions

  • 1 mark

    flooding/waterlogging/salinity/desertification/soil erosion

  • 1 mark

    increasing costs of seeds/pesticides/chemicals

  • 1 mark

    land reform/ownership causes number employed to change

  • 1 mark

    population growth creates higher demand for food/more food production needed

  • 1 mark

    commercial farms are expanding/need high numbers of workers

5b(i) · 3 marks

  • 1 mark

    uneven/scattered/patchy/varied

  • 1 mark

    high(er) unemployment in N/low(er) unemployment in S/SE

  • 1 mark

    4–6.99 is most widespread/common on the map/along the (Arabian Sea) coast

  • 1 mark

    Balochistan mostly has medium/2.5–3.99/4–6.99 rates

  • 1 mark

    Punjab has the highest/9.5+ rates

  • 1 mark

    Sindh has the lowest/1.0–1.49 rates

  • 1 mark

    Punjab has the greatest range/variety of unemployment rates

  • 1 mark

    along river (Indus)/NW/N/NE of Karachi rate is low/lowest/1–1.49/1.5–2.49

  • 1 mark

    near/around/E/S/W of Multan unemployment is high/highest/7.0–9.49/9.5+

  • 1 mark

    along international boundaries unemployment rates are low(er)/ 1.5–2.49/2.5–3.99

5b(ii) · 3 marks

  • 1 mark

    loss of income/financial stability / poverty

  • 1 mark

    cannot afford/access education/healthcare/food/power/water/internet

  • 1 mark

    decline in mental health/physical health/quality of life

  • 1 mark

    homelessness/informal housing/tent cities

  • 1 mark

    crime/unrest

  • 1 mark

    growth of informal employment/underemployment

  • 1 mark

    competition for/decreased job opportunities

  • 1 mark

    increased outmigration/moving abroad (for employment)

5b(iii) · 4 marks

  • 2 marks

    increase GDP: informal work can increase GDP; manufactured goods are sold as export items

  • 2 marks

    increase GDP: cottage industries; gain foreign exchange by selling goods to tourists/tourists spend foreign currency

  • 2 marks

    increase GDP: (unemployed) people move to work abroad; they send remittances/money back home (this allows their families to spend more on goods and services)

  • 2 marks

    decrease GDP: fewer people working/earning wages/lower pay/unreliable work/ underemployment; tax revenue decreases/fewer goods/services are produced

  • 2 marks

    decrease GDP: lack of disposable income; unemployed/informal workers typically spend less/low demand for goods and services

  • 2 marks

    decrease GDP: people rely on government support; reduced funds available for government to invest (in other sectors of the economy)

  • 2 marks

    decrease GDP: informal industries/companies/workers aren’t registered with the government; no income is generated for the country/tax revenue decreases/income not included in GDP

  • 2 marks

    decrease GDP: (informal industries) generate less output; there are fewer goods for sale in markets/fewer goods available to export

  • 2 marks

    decrease GDP: some working conditions may not meet international standards; can result in sanctions

  • 2 marks

    decrease GDP: some informal goods do not always meet quality standards; importers may be less likely to buy

  • 2 marks

    decrease GDP: people move to work abroad; their income isn’t included in GDP

  • 2 marks

    decrease GDP: (unemployed) do not learn job skills/lack of skilled workers/ the highest skilled/paid people emigrate/brain drain; foreign investors are less likely to invest

5c · 3 marks

  • 1 mark

    nationalising/setting up new industries/privatisation/policies/bans/laws

  • 1 mark

    establishing industrial estates/zones/Export Processing Zones (EPZs)/dry ports/Special Economic Zones (SEZ)

  • 1 mark

    investing in education/training/encouraging research and development/recruit experts

  • 1 mark

    improving transport network/power/water supplies

  • 1 mark

    improving telecommunications/internet/phone network

  • 1 mark

    offering loans/grants/incentives/tax holidays/low tariffs/subsidies

  • 1 mark

    trade agreements/blocs/international partnerships (e.g. CPEC)

5d · 6 marks

  • 6 marks

    Levels marking: Level 1 (1–2 marks): Simple point referring to one view (1); Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 (3–4 marks): Developed point referring to one view only (3); Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4) Level 3 (5–6 marks): Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5); Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)

Questions

  1. 1
    Question 125 marks
    Mark scheme ›
  2. 2
    Question 225 marks
    Mark scheme ›
  3. 3
    Question 325 marks
    Mark scheme ›
  4. 4
    Question 425 marks
    Mark scheme ›
  5. 5
    Question 525 marks
    Mark scheme ›

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