O Level Islamiyat 2058 Paper 12, May/June 2026

Briefly describe the main theme(s) in each chosen passage. Mark according to the marking grid for AO1 – Knowledge on page 4. Answers may include some of the following ideas, but all valid material must be credited. Sura 96.1–5 The main theme is Allah's relationship with the created world. Candidates will develop these themes in their own way, e.g. - Creator: God is the Creator which is shown in this sura through the way humans were created from a clot. - Provider: He gives creation what they need, in this case, knowledge as He is the ultimate source of all knowledge. - Generous: This shows His generosity as both Creator and Teacher of humanity. - New beginning: Being the first revelation, these verses mark the beginning of divine revelation and prophethood. - Knowledge: There is an emphasis on the importance of knowledge, highlighting God as its ultimate source of knowledge. Sura 99 The main theme is Allah's relationship with the created world. Candidates will develop these themes in their own way, e.g. - Last Day: God will shake the Earth, destroying what He created. - God's power: He has the power to give life/death. - Burden/admonition: God will give the Earth a voice to say what has been done on it, from environmental abuse or neglect of resources to caring for animals etc. - Accountability: People will be responsible for their actions on Earth and given their accounts; God will give people their accounts, which will take them to Heaven/Hell. - Justice: His justice will be seen. Sura 5.110 The main theme is Allah's Messengers. Candidates will develop these themes in their own way, e.g. - God's help: God's assistance and guidance to His prophets, in this case Jesus was helped by the holy spirit, the Book and the wisdom, the Law and the Gospel. - God's power: Jesus performed miracles but only with God's permission, 'by my leave'. - Support: God supports prophets in their mission by giving them miracles. - Hardships: Prophets face opposition and persecution. In this case Jesus was rejected with claims of magic.

Briefly explain the importance of these themes in a Muslim's life today. Mark according to the marking grid for AO2 – Understanding on page 5. Answers may include some of the following ideas, but all valid material must be credited. Sura 96.1–5 - The importance of this sura is that it allows humans to understand how God created them from nothing inculcating gratitude and humility in them. - Seeking knowledge is encouraged and so humankind should try their best to learn throughout their lives, especially religious knowledge so they can get to know their Lord. Each subject, RE, science, etc has a value to it and can help humans get closer to God. - It also helps Muslims understand how prophethood and Islam started and they should reflect upon what God has sent down for them to help them live their lives, and they should be grateful to God. Sura 99 - The Last Day creates a fear of accountability, reminding Muslims to stay on the straight path. - Good deeds will be rewarded, encouraging Muslims to do good at all times, e.g. following the Five Pillars, being honest and helping others. It keeps them away from unpleasant things like lying, cheating, gossiping, not obeying God's commandments, etc. - It helps Muslims understand the temporary nature of the world which can prevent them from being distracted by worldly things, whether it's fashion, money, gaming or focusing too much on work etc. - Muslims should feel comforted by God's justice that no good deed will go unnoticed, or bad deed unpunished. Sura 5.110 - These teachings reaffirm for Muslims the prophethood of Jesus and the power of God. - The teachings show humans are capable of great feats, but it is God who gives permission, strength and assistance for these; moon landings, space travel, etc., encouraging gratitude, reliance on God and responsibility. - Muslims should use these as signs of God's grace and believe in His power to control everything and allow things to happen. They should therefore remember Him often, by praying, supplicating or doing good deeds, etc. to ensure they are counted as believers.

Write about the Qurʾan as a source of Islamic Law and how it is used with two other sources. Use the AO1 Levels of Response. Candidates should include some of the following points. All other relevant points must be credited. The Qurʾan is the first authority in Islamic law; it is the word of God. It is not questioned or contradicted by any other sources. It contains the main teachings and principles of Islam by which Muslims should live. The Qurʾan is protected by God and therefore its words and rulings cannot be changed until the end of time. The Qurʾan's authority has been established by God Himself: 'And We have sent down to you the Book as clarification for all things, and as guidance and mercy' (Qurʾan 16:89). When Muslim legal scholars have to make rulings about certain topics, they will always refer to the Qurʾan first, to see what the Qurʾan says about that topic. E.g. the Qurʾan is clear about the unlawfulness of idolatry, murder, adultery and theft. Any laws related to these topics must adhere to the basic principle of their unlawfulness. The Qurʾan is used with other sources when there is either not enough detail in the Qurʾan about a ruling, or when new questions arise that are not mentioned in the divine text. These sources are the Hadith, _ijmaʿ_ (consensus) and _qiyas_ (analogy). The sunna is the Prophet's example and is recorded in the Hadith. The Qurʾan commands Muslims to follow the Prophet (pbuh). 'Obey Allah and obey the Messenger' (Qurʾan 4:59) and 'Whoever obeys the Messenger has obeyed Allah' (Qurʾan 4:80). Hadith gives application to the principles of the Qurʾan, such as in _ṣalah_ and _zakah_. It also expands and qualifies the general injunctions of the Qurʾan such as those relating to halal and haram foods and punishments for different offences. The Hadith are also used when the Qurʾan is silent on a matter, e.g. inheritance given to a grandmother is not mentioned in the Qurʾan but comes from Hadith. They are interlinked and are the two main (primary) sources. When neither of the primary sources offer answers, then _ijmaʿ_ can be used. This is used mainly for issues that did not arise at the time of the Prophet (pbuh). _Ijmaʿ_ is the consensus of opinion of scholars. It has its basis in the Qurʾan and Hadith: 'My community will never agree upon an error'. Some issues dealt with by _ijmaʿ_ have been, at the time of the caliphs, the compiling of the Qurʾan or the second _adhan_ at _Jumʿa_ and more recently, the permissibility of IVF. Scholars meet together and discuss the new situations and decide on a matter taking various factors into consideration, mainly that the decision does not go against the Qurʾan and sunna. (_Traveeh_ prayer and prohibition of marriage to grandmother amongst other examples). _Qiyas_ is analogy, when one Islamic ruling is compared with another to derive a new ruling for a new issue, by scholars who are experts in Islamic sciences. The original ruling is the _asl_, and the new ruling is _farʿ_. The experts should look at what the linking cause is between the two (_ʿilla_), before making a new ruling (_hukm_). Examples of this could be the use of cocaine being prohibited on the basis that intoxicants are prohibited. _ʿIlla_ can be taken from Qurʾanic injunction, the Hadith, or _ijmaʿ_. Another example is prohibition of nail polish using qiyas. The secondary sources do not contradict the primary sources but rather use the primary sources as a basis for their answers.

To what extent do these sources allow Islamic Law to adapt to changing times? Give reasons to support your answer. Use the AO2 Levels of Response. Using these sources together can allow Islamic Law to adapt to changing times because they allow for the exploration of new ideas and possibilities that were not relevant at the time of the Prophet (pbuh). It means that Islamic Law can stay relevant to changing times and allow Muslims to practise their faith without compromise with helpful tools such as using comparison through _qiyas_ and using mutual discussion and agreement through _ijmaʿ_. Even though the Qurʾan is the ultimate source of Islamic Law and is unchanging, it contains general principles which helps set guidance for future rulings. For example, using qiyas, the principle of upholding the welfare of humans and society can help set traffic laws that will make the roads safer for people. However, some rulings can't be adapted such as the five daily prayers as they are part of the Five Pillars of Islam. The ruling for these comes directly from the Qurʾan. All relevant answers should be credited.

Outline three different interactions the Prophet (pbuh) had with the Quraysh after he moved to Madina. Use the AO1 Levels of Response. Candidates should include some of the following points. All other relevant points must be credited. Once the Prophet (pbuh) moved to Madina and established a Muslim community there, the Quraysh were not happy with the growth of Islam. Badr: One of the first interactions the Prophet (pbuh) had with Quraysh was at Badr. The year was 624 and the Quraysh wanted to try and crush the Muslim community. The Muslims had tried to intercept Abu Sufyan's caravan and even though Abu Sufyan's caravan had arrived safely in Makka, the Quraysh still went ahead to fight the Muslims, thinking they would defeat the Muslims easily. The Muslims had camped near a water well at Badr and were only 313 in number compared to the Quraysh's 1000, which made the Quraysh overconfident. God sent angels to help the Muslims which is referenced in sura 3.124, and the Muslims saw the Quraysh as few in number (8.44) to give them confidence. The Makkans were defeated and Abu Jahl was killed along with other prominent Quraysh leaders. Fourteen Muslims were killed and 70 from the Quraysh while 70 were taken prisoner. Uhud: The following year, in 625, the Muslims and Quraysh met at Uhud. The Quraysh marched to Uhud wanting revenge. The Makkan army numbered 3000 led by Abu Sufyan, whilst the Muslims were around 1000. The Prophet (pbuh) posted 50 archers on a hill to protect them from being attacked from behind. Eventually they left their posts causing Khalid ibn Walid to attack the Muslims from the rear. As part of the Quraysh's revenge, Hind had employed Wahshi to kill Hamza. After Hamza was martyred, Hind chewed on his liver. The Prophet (pbuh) was badly injured and he and the remaining Muslims retreated to the Uhud mountain. Abu Sufyan called out to the Prophet (pbuh) saying this was revenge for Badr. The Muslims buried their martyrs and returned to Madina. Around 70 Muslims were killed and 22/37 of the Makkans. Khandaq: The Muslims met the Quraysh in war at the Battle of Khandaq in 627. Here the Quraysh had come with an army of 10,000 after having made alliances with other tribes. Salman al-Farsi suggested the Muslims dig trenches, wide enough and deep enough not to be crossed in order to keep the army out of Madina. The Quraysh tried to cross the trench, and once a couple of riders managed to cross a part that was narrower; ʿAli fought them off. The siege ran into weeks. The Prophet (pbuh) used strategic skills to create mistrust between the alliances using Nuaym ibn Mas'ud. The Quraysh and their allies eventually gave up after a three-day storm which prevented them from lighting fires, cooking food and keeping warm. Hudaibiyyah: In 628, the Prophet (pbuh) and a group of 1,400 Muslims marched peacefully towards Makka, in an attempt to perform umrah. The Muslims had left Madina in a state of ihram, so were prohibited from fighting. The Quraysh were unwilling to let the Prophet enter Makka. ʿUthman was sent to negotiate but was not allowed to return. Bayt al-Ridwan influenced the Quraysh into negotiating a treaty. They sent Suhayl ibn ʿAmr to make this peace treaty with the Muslims. The treaty was for ten years; each party was to be secure from the other; if a person from the Quraysh was to migrate to Madina he would be sent back to Makka; however if a person from the Prophet's side went to the Quraysh they did not have to hand him back; the Muslims were to go back to Madina without performing umrah and return the next year for three days. ʿUmar asked why the Muslims were demeaning their religion and was reassured by Abu Bakr and the Prophet (pbuh). Once they completed the document, the Prophet (pbuh) asked the Muslims to sacrifice their animals and shave their heads. Conquest of Makka: The Quraysh broke the terms of the Treaty of Hudaybiyya, by attacking Banu Khuzaʿah who had allied with the Muslims. Realising the seriousness of the situation the Quraysh sent Abu Sufyan to ensure the treaty was intact, but he was unsuccessful. After making preparations for war, the Prophet (pbuh) set out to Makka with 10 000 soldiers. The Prophet's army stopped outside Makka and it was here that Abu Sufyan became Muslim and his house was made a place of safety. The Prophet (pbuh) also said that anyone seeking refuge in the Ka'ba or who remain in their houses, will not be harmed. Abu Sufyan returned to Makka and warned the Quraysh not to resist the Muslim army; most put down their arms, but a few (Safwan, Ikrimah, Suhayl) swore to block the Muslim army from entering Makka. There were 4 groups, one led by Khalid ibn Walid, that faced resistance leading to some deaths. The Prophet (pbuh) entered Makka and knocked down the 360 idols in the Ka'ba. The keys to the Kaʿba were given to ʿUthman bin Talha, and at the time of prayer, Bilal ascended the Ka'ba and gave the adhan. Apart from nine people, the Quraysh were pardoned, including Wahshi and Hind.

Discuss what Muslims can learn from the Prophet's example of interacting with those who opposed him. Use the AO2 Levels of Response. Some lessons that could be learned are: The Prophet (pbuh) always tried to treat people fairly even if they opposed him. This could be seen at Hudaybiyya where he entered into a treaty with the Quraysh even though the Muslims felt that it was not in their favour. This shows that Muslims should try to be fair and accommodating when interacting with others whether in business or social interactions. The Prophet (pbuh) was forgiving to those who opposed him, shown by the treatment of prisoners at Badr and at the Conquest of Makka. This shows that the Prophet (pbuh) did not hold onto animosity and would try to forgive over punishing people. Only the worst enemies / most unforgivable acts would be punished. This shows that Muslims should try to forgive those who have wronged them, although sometimes it is not possible when you know that person will continue to do harm. All relevant answers should be credited.

Write about the main events of the Muslim migration to Abyssinia. Use the AO1 Levels of Response. Candidates should include some of the following points. All other relevant points must be credited. The Muslims in Makka, mainly those without tribal protection and slaves, were being persecuted by the Quraysh. An ayat was revealed about the Earth being spacious for believers (39.10). The Prophet (pbuh) allowed some followers to go to Abyssinia to seek protection from its king, the Negus, in the 5th year of prophethood (614/615). ʿUthman and Ruqayya went in the first migration of 12 men and 4 women, whereupon the Quraysh chased them, but the migrants managed to board a boat before the Quraysh got to them. Some came back from Abyssinia when they falsely heard that the Quraysh had accepted Islam. The persecutions increased and later the second delegation of 83 men and 19 women, was led by the Prophet's cousin, Jaʾfar Ibn Abi Talib. ʿAmr ibn al-ʿAs and ʿAbdullah bin Abi Rabiʾa followed them and asked the king to return the Muslims. The Negus called the Muslims to give their account; Jaʾfar made a speech saying, 'O king, we were a wicked and ignorant people who worshipped idols and ate corpses....' Then Negus asked them to recite some of the verses of revelations, Jaʾfar recited verses from Sura Maryam. The Negus was moved to tears. He drew a line in the sand saying that the difference between Islam and Christianity was as thin as that line. He allowed the Muslims to stay in Abyssinia in peace and freedom. They returned the next day and the Makkans accused the Muslims of having strange beliefs about Jesus. When asked by the Negus, Jaʾfar said, 'Jesus was the servant of God, His prophet, His spirit and His word'. Negus turned to the Muslims and said that they were free and safe in his country. The Quraysh envoys were given their gifts back and sent away. The Muslims lived here in peace until they moved to Madina.

What lessons can Muslims learn from the migration to Abyssinia? Use the AO2 Levels of Response. Muslims can learn that sometimes people need to leave their own country for safety and protection, and that it is ok to do this. The Muslims were welcomed by the Negus which can teach that migrating to a country ruled by non-Muslims is allowed. It can also teach them that people who are seeking protection from persecution should be welcomed and given help. They could be given a room to live, or the freedom to work. Other lessons can be given, and candidates should develop their answers. All relevant answers should be credited.

Write about the lives of ʿUmar al-Khattab and Khalid ibn Walid during the lifetime of the Prophet (pbuh). Use the AO1 Levels of Response. Candidates should include some of the following points. All other relevant points must be credited. ʿUmar: ʿUmar belonged to the Banu Adi tribe. He was initially angry at the Prophet (pbuh) and the new message of Islam and openly opposed it. One day he set out to kill the Prophet (pbuh). On his way he was told his own sister and brother-in-law had converted and so went there to confront them. He heard them reading the Qurʾan which Fatima hid when she saw him. He demanded to see it, to which she said he would have to purify himself before touching it. He did so and then read the verses from sura Taha that were written on the leaf. Reading the words he felt they were written for him. He then went to offer the Prophet (pbuh) allegiance. He accepted Islam at the age of 26/27. He had a reputation of being the fiercest man in Makka and so his conversion provided Muslims some protection. After his conversion, ʿUmar refused to keep Islam a secret, so Muslims started to pray openly. He didn't emigrate in secret. He fought in all the battles, protecting the Prophet (pbuh) at Uhud and giving half his wealth for the campaign of Tabuk. He was one of the witnesses for the Treaty of Hudaybiyya, although he was initially not satisfied with the terms. On the Prophet's death he said he would kill anyone who said that the Prophet (pbuh) had died. He was one of the ten Companions promised paradise. Khalid ibn Walid: He was from the Banu Makhzum who opposed the Prophet (pbuh) in Makka, and although he did not take part in the Battle of Badr, he played a vital role in the Battle of Uhud against the Muslims, turning the Muslim victory to defeat. He converted to Islam after the Treaty of Hudaybiyya. In 629, Khalid set out for Madina. On the way he met ʿAmr ibn al-ʿAs and ʿUthman ibn Talha, who were also going to Madina to convert to Islam. After conversion he took part in the Battle of Muʾta. It was the first battle between the Romans and the Muslims. He reported that the fighting was so intense, that he used nine swords, which broke in the battle. Khalid took over after Zayd ibn Haritha, then Jaʾfar ibn Abi Talib, then Abdullah ibn Rawaha were killed. It was because of him that the Muslims returned safely. He was given the title of Saif Allah by the Prophet (pbuh). He subsequently took part in the Conquest of Makka, Battle of Hunayn and the Battle of Tabuk. Candidates can give details of these events. He was at the farewell pilgrimage of the Prophet. He died in 642 in Syria.

Discuss two lessons Muslims can learn from the conduct of these Companions after they became Muslim. Use the AO2 Levels of Response. Some lessons that could be learned are: No matter what someone's background is, once they become Muslim and want to better themselves, they can become the best of people in a community. If someone makes the intention to change then you should support them and forgive them for their past mistakes. Whatever characteristics you have, such as strength or strategy, you should use it for the benefit of yourself and the community. If you make commitments to someone or to a project, then you should remain loyal to that commitment. All relevant answers should be credited.