A Level Physics 9702 Paper 23, May/June 2025

Define velocity.

In an experiment, two objects A and B are released from the side of a building, as shown in Fig. 1.1. Object A is released from rest at a height of $10.0\text{ m}$ above horizontal ground. Object B is released with an initial upward velocity of $3.0{\text{ m s}}^{-1}$ at a height $h$ above the ground. Both objects take the same time to reach the ground and they do not collide with each other. Air resistance is negligible. Calculate $h$.

In a second experiment, object B is released from the same height as in (b) but with a speed of $6.0{\text{ m s}}^{-1}$ at an angle of ${60}^{\circ }$ to the vertical, as shown in Fig. 1.2. State and explain whether the time taken for object B to reach the ground is less than, the same as, or greater than the time taken in the first experiment.

By considering energy, state and explain whether the speed at which object B reaches the ground is less than, the same as, or greater than in the first experiment.

Define the moment of a force about a pivot.

Three objects A, B and C are placed on a horizontal beam. The beam is in equilibrium, as shown in Fig. 2.1. The beam is uniform and has length $9.0\text{ m}$. A pivot is at the midpoint of the beam. Object A has mass $90\text{ kg}$ and is at one end of the beam. Object B has mass $m$ and is a distance of $3.0\text{ m}$ from the pivot. Object C has mass $150\text{ kg}$ and is at the other end of the beam. Calculate $m$.

Object A is removed and replaced by a wire fixed to the end of the beam and to the ground, as shown in Fig. 2.2. After the change, the beam is again horizontal and in equilibrium. The positions of B and C are unchanged. The wire has a diameter of $1.8\times {10}^{-3}\text{ m}$ and has a strain of $1.2\times {10}^{-3}$. The wire is not extended beyond its limit of proportionality. Calculate the Young modulus of the wire.

Object B is now moved to a new position closer to the pivot without passing it. The beam is again horizontal and in equilibrium. State and explain the effect, if any, that this has on the strain in the wire.

Show that the power $P$ developed by the engine in overcoming the total resistive force is given by the equation $$P=Fv$$

The car now moves up a slope at a constant speed of $30{\text{ m s}}^{-1}$. The slope is at an angle to the horizontal of ${6.0}^{\circ }$, as shown in Fig. 3.2. The total resistive force acting on the car is $1600\text{ N}$. Show that the increase in gravitational potential energy of the car in a time of $1.0\text{ s}$ is $46000\text{ J}$.

Use the information in (b)(i) to determine the power developed by the engine to move the car up the slope.

The car picks up a passenger and then continues up the slope at the same speed as in (b). State and explain the effect, if any, that the passenger has on: the air resistance acting on the car

State and explain the effect, if any, that the passenger has on: the power developed by the engine.

State the principle of conservation of momentum.

An object A of mass $4.0\text{ kg}$ travels at a velocity of $6.0{\text{ m s}}^{-1}$ to the right on a horizontal frictionless surface. It moves towards a second object B of mass $2.0\text{ kg}$ that is moving at a velocity of $3.0{\text{ m s}}^{-1}$ in the same direction as A, as shown in Fig. 4.1. Object A collides with object B. The two objects join and move off together with velocity $v$. Calculate: velocity $v$

Calculate the percentage of the total initial kinetic energy of the two objects that is transferred to other forms of energy during the collision.

State why sound waves cannot be polarised.

A plane-polarised light wave is incident on a polarising filter as shown in Fig. 5.1. The intensity of the light incident on the filter is $I_0$. The light is incident normally on the filter and the transmission axis of the filter is initially perpendicular to the plane of polarisation of the light. The filter is now rotated through ${360}^{\circ }$ about the direction of travel of the light wave. On Fig. 5.2, sketch the variation of the intensity $I$ of the transmitted light with the angle of rotation $\alpha$ as the filter is rotated through ${360}^{\circ }$ from its initial position.

The amplitude of the incident light wave is $A_0$ when the intensity of the wave is $I_0$. Use Malus’s law to determine, in terms of $A_0$, the amplitude of the transmitted wave when $\alpha ={20}^{\circ }$.

State what is meant by diffraction.

Light of wavelength $720\text{ nm}$ in a vacuum is incident normally on a diffraction grating as shown in Fig. 6.1. A screen is parallel to the grating. An interference pattern is seen on the screen and the angle between the second-order maxima is ${52}^{\circ }$. Calculate the frequency of the light.

Calculate the number of lines per unit length in the diffraction grating.

The light in Fig. 6.1 is now replaced with light of a different wavelength $\lambda$. It is observed that the third-order maxima of this light are at the same positions as the second-order maxima of the light in Fig. 6.1. Calculate, in $\text{nm}$, the wavelength $\lambda$.

Calculate, to three significant figures, the resistance of the wire.

The nichrome wire forms part of a potentiometer circuit together with a cell of electromotive force (e.m.f.) $1.2\text{ V}$ and negligible internal resistance, as shown in Fig. 7.1. The circuit is used to determine the e.m.f. of cell X. The galvanometer is used in a null method to find the null point $64\text{ cm}$ from the left-hand end of the nichrome wire. Explain what is meant by a null method.

Calculate the e.m.f. of cell X.

The cell of e.m.f. $1.2\text{ V}$ is replaced by a new cell with the same e.m.f. but with an internal resistance that is not negligible. State and explain the effect, if any, of the internal resistance of the new cell on the position of the null point.

An antiparticle equivalent of the neutron is called the antineutron. The quarks in the antineutron are the antiparticles of the quarks in a neutron. The elementary charge is $e$. In Table 8.1, state the flavour and charge of the three antiquarks that comprise the antineutron. Table 8.1

In ${\beta }^{-}$ decay, a neutron decays to form a proton. Theory predicts that an antineutron should decay to form an antiproton. A particle and an antiparticle should also be observed. Suggest the names of the particle and the antiparticle. particle: ..................................................................................................................................... antiparticle: ...............................................................................................................................