O Level Physics 5054 Paper 22, May/June 2023

Describe the motion of the car shown in Fig. 1.1.

At time $t=10\text{ s}$ the engine of the car is switched off. The brakes are not applied. Name two forces that act on the car to cause the change in motion after $t=10\text{ s}$. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................

Suggest why Fig. 1.1 is a curve after $t=10\text{ s}$.

Between $t=10\text{ s}$ and $t=20\text{ s}$ the speed of the car changes from $18\text{ m/s}$ to $11\text{ m/s}$. The mass of the car is $1200\text{ kg}$. Calculate the change in momentum of the car in this time. Give the unit of your answer momentum change = ...................................... unit ...........

Calculate the average resultant force exerted on the car during this time. average resultant force = ..................................................... N

State the name of the energy store in the battery.

Describe, in terms of work done, the stages of energy transfer from the energy store in the battery to the kinetic energy of the scooter.

The total mass of the scooter and the rider is $70\text{ kg}$. Calculate the total kinetic energy of the rider and scooter when the scooter has a speed of $4.0\text{ m/s}$. kinetic energy = ...................................................... J

The battery is marked ‘energy capacity $0.35\text{ kilowatt-hour (kW h)}$’. Define what is meant by a kilowatt-hour.

The scooter stops working because the battery is totally discharged (flat). This means that there is no more energy stored in the battery. The battery is then recharged using a $70\text{ W}$ power supply. Calculate the time taken to fully recharge the battery. time = ............................................... hours

Describe why rotating the tube changes the pressure of the gas in the sealed end.

Explain, using ideas about particles, why the pressure of the gas decreases when its volume increases.

In Fig. 3.1 the length of the mercury column is $0.30\text{ m}$. The density of mercury is $14000{\text{ kg/m}}^3$. Atmospheric pressure is $1.0\times {10}^5\text{ Pa}$. Calculate the pressure of the gas in the tube. pressure = .................................................... Pa

The pressure of a different sample of gas changes at constant temperature. Fig. 3.3 shows one point, marked X, on a graph of pressure against volume for the gas sample. At X the pressure of the gas is $P_0$ and its volume is $V_0$. On Fig. 3.3, sketch the graph as the pressure of the gas decreases from $2P_0$ to ½$P_0$.

State the lowest possible temperature on the Celsius scale and on the Kelvin scale. Celsius scale ............................. °C Kelvin scale ............................. K

The temperature of the solid increases. The sample remains a solid. Describe how the motion of the particles changes.

The solid melts. State what happens to the internal energy and the temperature of the solid as it melts. internal energy .................................................................................................................. temperature .......................................................................................................................

A student: • places a $300\text{ g}$ piece of iron in boiling water until the iron is at a temperature of $100{}^{\circ }\text{C}$ • removes the iron from the water and places it immediately into $100\text{ g}$ of water at $25{}^{\circ }\text{C}$. The iron cools and the water warms until both reach the same temperature, $44{}^{\circ }\text{C}$. The specific heat capacity of water is $4.2\text{ J}\mathrm{/}({\text{g }}^{\circ }\text{C})$. No energy is lost to the surroundings. Calculate the change in energy (internal energy) of the water as it warms up. change in energy = ...................................................... J

Calculate the specific heat capacity of iron. specific heat capacity = ........................................... J /(g°C)

Underline two other examples of transverse waves. seismic P-waves seismic S-waves sound X-rays

Fig. 5.1 shows a wooden bar and a glass block in a ripple tank. The depth of water in the tank is less than the height of the glass block. The wooden bar moves up and down once every $0.15\text{ s}$ to create the crests. The speed of the water wave is $27\text{ cm/s}$. Calculate the frequency and the wavelength of the wave. frequency = ......................................................... Hz wavelength = ......................................................... cm

The wave diffracts at the right-hand edge of the glass block. On Fig. 5.1 draw two crests after they pass the glass block to show the diffraction.

Describe how a wave with a smaller wavelength is made with the wooden bar.

Describe how a decrease in wavelength affects the diffraction.

The reading on ammeter ${\text{A}}_1$ is $0.25\text{ A}$. The reading on voltmeter ${\text{V}}_1$ is $3.0\text{ V}$. Determine the readings on the other meters. reading on ammeter ${\text{A}}_2$ = ............................................................ A reading on ammeter ${\text{A}}_3$ = ............................................................ A reading on voltmeter ${\text{V}}_2$ = ........................................................... V

Calculate the resistance of resistor R. resistance of resistor R = ..................................................... $\mathrm{\Omega }$

The resistor obeys Ohm’s law. State Ohm’s law.

Fig. 6.2 shows the current–voltage graph for the filament lamp. The battery in Fig. 6.1 is replaced with a different battery which has a different e.m.f. (electromotive force). The voltage across the lamp increases to $6.0\text{ V}$. Use data from the graph to determine the e.m.f. of the second battery. Show your working. e.m.f. = ...................................................... V

Ultraviolet radiation is one component of the electromagnetic spectrum. State the name of two components of the electromagnetic spectrum that have a smaller wavelength than ultraviolet radiation. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................

State one useful application of ultraviolet radiation.

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the Sun damages the eyes. State one type of damage to the eye caused by ultraviolet radiation.

Fig. 7.1 shows a ray of light. The ray passes into a semi-circular block of glass at A and leaves the glass at B, travelling along the surface to C. State the name given to the angle of incidence marked as ${40}^{\circ }$.

Calculate the refractive index of the glass. refractive index = .........................................................

State the material used for the core of the transformer.

A current in the primary coil produces a magnetic field in the core. Explain how an alternating voltage is produced in the secondary coil.

The transformer has 4600 turns on the primary coil which is connected to a mains supply of $230\text{ V}$. An output of $5.0\text{ V}$ is used to operate the bell. Calculate the number of turns needed on the secondary coil. number of turns = .........................................................

State one change that can be made to the transformer shown in Fig. 8.1 so that it can be used as a step-up transformer.

State which type of radiation produces the strongest ionising effect.

State which type of radiation is deflected most by a magnetic field.

Fig. 9.1 shows a Geiger-Müller (G.M.) tube and counter. A radioactive source is placed $10\text{ cm}$ from the G.M. tube. In Fig. 9.2 a piece of metal $5\text{ mm}$ thick is placed between the source and the G.M. tube. The readings on the counter have been corrected for background radiation and show the count rate due to the source. Explain how the readings show that the source emits $\beta$-particles and $\gamma$-radiation.

State why the readings cannot be used to show that the source emits $\alpha$-particles.

Describe one way that a radioactive source is moved safely in a school laboratory.

Astronomical distances are measured in light-years. State what is meant by ‘a light-year’.

The Sun is one star in the Milky Way galaxy. State the approximate diameter of the Milky Way galaxy. diameter of Milky Way = ....................................... light-years

There are several stages in the life cycle of a star. Complete Fig. 10.1 to show the stages that a massive star goes through after it has used up most of the hydrogen at the centre of the star. Use words from the following list: nebula neutron star protostar red giant supernova white dwarf

State the stage in the life cycle of a star where heavy elements are formed.

Current scientific understanding is that the universe began 14 billion years ago in an event known as the Big Bang. Explain one observation that supports the Big Bang Theory. observation ............................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... explanation ............................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................